6.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
75.13 years
male:
72.43 years
female:
78.02 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.61 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective:
Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Ethnic divisions:
Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8% Religions:
Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10% Languages:
Serbo-Croatian 99%
Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
1,026,254
by occupation:
agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government
Note:
The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new government being formed by the Muslims and Croats. On 31 May 1994 a Croat president, Kresimir ZUBAK, and a Muslim vice president, Ejup GANIC, were elected. Haris SILAJDZIC, who is prime minister of the Republic, is also the prime minister of the Federation.
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina conventional short form:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form:
Republika Bosna i Hercegovina
local short form:
Bosna i Hercegovina
Digraph:
BK
Type:
emerging democracy
Capital:
Sarajevo
Administrative divisions:
109 districts (opstinas, singular – opstina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde, Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak, Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic-Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vares, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez, Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice note:
currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators
Independence:
NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday:
NA
Constitution:
promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists), amended 1989, 1990, and 1991; the Assembly planned to draft a new constitution in 1991, before conditions deteriorated; constitution of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (including Muslim and Croatian controlled parts of Republic) ratified April 1994
Legal system:
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990), other members of the collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA November 1990), Nijaz DURAKOVIC (since NA October 1993), Stjepan KLJUJIC (since NA October 1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NA October 1993), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA June 1992), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992) head of government:
Prime Minister Haris SILAJDZIC (since NA October 1993); Deputy Prime Minister Edib BUKVIC (since NA October 1993) cabinet:
executive body of ministers; members of, and responsible to, the National Assembly
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly
Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina): elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats – (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1 Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo): elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats – (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1
note:
legislative elections for Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are slated for late 1994
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court, Constitutional Court Political parties and leaders:
Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), KresimirZUBAK; Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president Other political or pressure groups:
NA
Member of:
CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Minister-Counselor, Charge d’Affaires ad interim Seven ALKALAJ
chancery:
Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 10036 telephone:
(202) 833-3612, 3613, and 3615
FAX:
(202) 833-2061
consulate(s) general:
New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Victor JACKOVICH
embassy:
address NA
mailing address:
NA
telephone:
NA
FAX:
NA
Flag:
white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly side
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy
Overview:
Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia’s defense plants. As of April 1994, Bosnia and Herzegovina was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992-93 are available, although output clearly has fallen substantially below the levels of earlier years. National product:
GDP – purchasing power equivalent – $NA National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports:
$NA
commodities:
NA
partners:
NA
Imports:
$NA
commodities:
NA
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%; production is sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-93)
Electricity:
capacity:
NA kW
production:
NA kWh
consumption per capita:
NA kWh
Industries:
steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia’s armaments including tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining (1991) Agriculture:
accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive (1991)
Illicit drugs:
NA
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, presumably to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian dinars used in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably supplanting local currencies in areas held by Bosnian government Exchange rates:
NA
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications
Railroads:
NA km
Highways:
total:
21,168 km
paved:
11,436 km
unpaved:
gravel 8,146 km; earth 1,586 km (1991) Inland waterways:
NA km
Pipelines:
crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note – pipelines now disrupted
Ports:
coastal – none; inland – Bosanski Brod on the Sava River Airports:
total:
28
usable:
24
with permanent-surface runways:
5
with runways over 3659:
0
with runways 2440-3659 m:
3
with runways 1220-2439 m:
6
Telecommunications:
telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations – 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; satellite ground stations – none
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,298,102; fit for military service 1,054,068; reach military age (19) annually 38,283 (1994 est.) Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
@Botswana, Geography
Location:
Southern Africa, north of South Africa Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
600,370 sq km
land area:
585,370 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; recent dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River
Climate:
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers Terrain:
predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest
Natural resources:
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Land use:
arable land:
2%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
75%
forest and woodland:
2%
other:
21%
Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
overgrazing; desertification; water scarcity natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to – Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified – Biodiversity
Note:
landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country
@Botswana, People
Population:
1,359,352 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.45% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
32.19 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
7.72 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
39.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
63.05 years
male:
60.03 years
female:
66.16 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.06 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) adjective:
Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) Ethnic divisions:
Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1% Religions:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50% Languages:
English (official), Setswana
Literacy:
age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990 est.) total population:
23%
male:
32%
female:
16%
Labor force:
428,000 (1992)
by occupation:
220,000 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1992 est.); 14,300 are employed in various mines in South Africa (March 1992)
@Botswana, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Botswana
conventional short form:
Botswana
former:
Bechuanaland
Digraph:
BC
Type:
parliamentary republic
Capital:
Gaborone
Administrative divisions:
10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4 town councils – Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Phikwe Independence:
30 September 1966 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 30 September (1966) Constitution:
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966 Legal system:
based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Sir Ketumile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992); election last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results – President Sir Ketumile MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament
House of Chiefs:
is a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of chiefs of the 8 principal tribes, 4 elected subchiefs, and 3 members selected by the other 12
National Assembly:
elections last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (38 total of which 34 are elected and 4 are appointed) BDP 31, BNF 3, unfilled seats pending new elections 4
Judicial branch:
High Court, Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:
Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Botswana People’s Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE chancery:
Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:
(202) 244-4990 or 4991
FAX:
(202) 244-4164
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Howard JETER
embassy:
address NA, Gaborone
mailing address:
P. O. Box 90, Gaborone
telephone:
[267] 353-982
FAX:
[267] 356-947
Flag:
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center
@Botswana, Economy
Overview:
The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other sector has experienced such growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond production was down slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and manufacturing helped boost the economy. Recovery in sluggish diamond markets in second half 1993 helped Botswana achieve moderate growth of 3% for the year.
National product:
GDP – purchasing power equivalent – $6 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate:
3% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
14% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
25% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$1.7 billion
expenditures:
$1.99 billion, including capital expenditures of $652 million (FY94) Exports:
$1.7 billion (f.o.b. 1992)
commodities:
diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 6%, meat 5% partners:
Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union) Imports:
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products
partners:
Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US External debt:
$344 million (December 1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 6.8% (FY91); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including mining
Electricity:
capacity:
220,000 kW
production:
901 million kWh (in addition 228,000,000 kWh were imported) consumption per capita:
874 kWh (1992 est.)
Industries:
mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing
Agriculture:
accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of food needs
Economic aid:
recipient:
US aid (1992), $13 million; Norway (1992), $16 million; Sweden (1992), $15.5 million; Germany (1992), $3.6 million; EC/Lome-IV (1992), $3-6 million in grants; $28.7 million in long-term projects (1992) Currency:
1 pula (P) = 100 thebe
Exchange rates:
pula (P) per US$1 – 3.1309 (January 1994), 2.4190 (1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989) Fiscal year:
1 April – 31 March
@Botswana, Communications
Railroads:
712 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
11,514 km
paved:
1,600 km
unpaved:
crushed stone, gravel 1,700 km; improved earth 5,177 km; unimproved earth 3,037 km
Airports:
total:
101
usable:
90
with permanent-surface runways:
9
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
30
Telecommunications:
the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast stations – 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Botswana, Defense Forces
Branches:
Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 294,603; fit for military service 154,997; reach military age (18) annually 15,156 (1994 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94)
@Bouvet Island
Header
Affiliation:
(territory of Norway)
@Bouvet Island, Geography
Location:
Southern Africa, in the South Atlantic Ocean, 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) Map references:
Antarctic Region
Area:
total area:
58 sq km
land area:
58 sq km
comparative area:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
29.6 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
4 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
antarctic
Terrain:
volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inaccessible
Natural resources:
none
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
100% (all ice)
Irrigated land:
0 sq km
Environment:
current issues:
NA
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
NA
Note:
covered by glacial ice
@Bouvet Island, People
Population:
uninhabited
@Bouvet Island, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Bouvet Island
Digraph:
BV
Type:
territory of Norway
Capital:
none; administered from Oslo, Norway Independence:
none (territory of Norway)
@Bouvet Island, Economy
Overview:
no economic activity
@Bouvet Island, Communications
Ports:
none; offshore anchorage only
Telecommunications:
automatic meteorological station
@Bouvet Island, Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of Norway
@Brazil, Geography
Location:
Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Map references:
South America, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
8,511,965 sq km
land area:
8,456,510 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than the US
note:
includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo Land boundaries:
total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km Coastline:
7,491 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
short section of the boundary with Paraguay, just west of Salto das Sete Quedas (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute – Arroio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay River Climate:
mostly tropical, but temperate in south Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt
Natural resources:
iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, petroleum, timber Land use:
arable land:
7%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
19%
forest and woodland:
67%
other:
6%
Irrigated land:
27,000 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation in Amazon Basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities natural hazards:
recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south international agreements:
party to – Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified – Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Tropical Timber
Note:
largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
@Brazil, People
Population:
158,739,257 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.28% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
21.48 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
59.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
62.25 years
male:
57.41 years
female:
67.32 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.44 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Brazilian(s)
adjective:
Brazilian
Ethnic divisions:
Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, Amerindian, black 6%, white 55%, mixed 38%, other 1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic (nominal) 70%
Languages:
Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population:
81%
male:
82%
female:
80%
Labor force:
57 million (1989 est.)
by occupation:
services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%
@Brazil, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form:
Brazil
local long form:
Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form:
Brasil
Digraph:
BR
Type:
federal republic
Capital:
Brasilia
Administrative divisions:
26 states (estados, singular – estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins Independence:
7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 7 September (1822) Constitution:
5 October 1988
Legal system:
based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage:
voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Itamar FRANCO (since 29 December 1992); election last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results – Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio LULA da Silva 47%; note – first free, direct presidential election since 1960; Fernando COLLOR de Mello was impeached in December 1992 and succeeded by former Vice President Itamar FRANCO cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) Federal Senate (Senado Federal):
election last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results – percent of vote by party PMBD 33%, PFL 16%, PSDB 12%, PDS 4%, PDT 6%, PT 1%, other 28%; seats – (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16 Chamber of Deputies (Camara dos Deputados): election last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results – PMDB 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats – (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, PTB 35, PT 35, other 109 Judicial branch:
Supreme Federal Tribunal
Political parties and leaders:
National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Luiz HENRIQUE da Silveira, president; Liberal Front Party (PFL), Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president; Workers’ Party (PT), Luis Inacio LULA da Silva, president; Brazilian Workers’ Party (PTB), Rodrigues PALMA, president; Democratic Workers’ Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, president; Progressive Renewal Party (PPR), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Liberal Party (PL), Flavio ROCHA, president
Other political or pressure groups: left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Workers’ Party are critical of government’s social and economic policies
Member of:
AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Paulo Tarso FLECHA de LIMA chancery:
3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:
(202) 745-2700
FAX:
(202) 745-2827
consulate(s) general:
Boston, Chicago, Hong Kong (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands), Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) consulate(s):
Houston and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Melvyn LEVITSKY
embassy:
Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal mailing address:
APO AA 34030
telephone:
[55] (61) 321-7272
FAX:
[55] (61) 225-9136
consulate(s) general:
Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s):
Porto Alegre, Recife
Flag:
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and district) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
@Brazil, Economy
Overview:
The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and mining facilities is divided among private interests – including several multinationals – and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed office in March 1990, launched an ambitious reform program that sought to modernize and reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government also obtained an IMF standby loan in January 1992 and reached agreements with commercial bankers on the repayment of interest arrears and on the reduction of debt and debt service payments. Galloping inflation (the rate doubled in 1992 and by March 1994 had risen to 42% per month) continues to undermine economic stability. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed the presidency following President COLLOR’S resignation in December 1992, was out of step with COLLOR’S reform agenda; initiatives to redress fiscal problems, privatize state enterprises, and liberalize trade and investment policies have lost momentum. Brazil’s natural resources remain a major, long-term economic strength
National product:
GDP – purchasing power equivalent – $785 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate:
5% (1993)
National product per capita:
$5,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2,709% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
4.9% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
$113 billion
expenditures:
$109 billion, including capital expenditures of $23 billion (1992) Exports:
$38.8 billion (f.o.b. 1993)
commodities:
iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, motor vehicle parts
partners:
EC 27.6%, Latin America 21.8%, US 17.4%, Japan 6.3% (1993) Imports:
$25.7 billion (f.o.b. 1993)
commodities:
crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal partners:
US 23.3%, EC 22.5%, Middle East 13.0%, Latin America 11.8%, Japan 6.5% (1993)
External debt:
$119 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
growth rate 9.5% (1993); accounts for 39% of GDP Electricity:
capacity:
63,765,000 kW
production:
242.184 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
1,531 kWh (1992)
Industries:
textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin
Agriculture:
accounts for 11% of GDP; world’s largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and second-largest exporter of soybeans; other products – rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian cocaine headed for the US and Europe Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion
Currency:
1 cruzeiro real (CR$) = 100 centavos Exchange rates:
CR$ per US$1 – 390.845 (January 1994), 88.449 (1993), 4.513 (1992), 0.407 (1991), 0.068 (1990), 0.003 (1989) note:
on 1 August 1993 the cruzeiro real, equal to 1,000 cruzeiros, was introduced; another new currency, the real, will be introduced on 1 July 1994
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Brazil, Communications
Railroads:
30,133 km total; 24,690 km 1.000-meter gauge, 5,120 km 1.600-meter gauge, 310 km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,150 km electrified
Highways:
total:
1,670,148 km
paved:
161,503 km
unpaved:
gravel/earth 1,508,645 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
50,000 km navigable
Pipelines:
crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km Ports:
Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos Merchant marine:
220 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,139,176 GRT/8,695,682 DWT, bulk 53, cargo 40, chemical tanker 14, combination ore/oil 12, container 11, liquified gas 11, oil tanker 62, passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11 note:
in addition, 1 naval tanker is sometimes used commercially Airports:
total:
3,581
usable:
3,024
with permanent-surface runways:
436
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
22
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
598
Telecommunications:
good system; extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 9.86 million telephones; broadcast stations – 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 coaxial submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 domestic satellite earth stations
@Brazil, Defense Forces
Branches:
Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, Military Police (paramilitary)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 43,489,704; fit for military service 29,286,530; reach military age (18) annually 1,674,930 (1994 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $1.1 billion, 3% of GDP (1990)
@British Indian Ocean Territory
Header
Affiliation:
(dependent territory of the UK)
@British Indian Ocean Territory, Geography
Location:
Southern Asia, in the Indian Ocean, south of India about halfway between Africa and Indonesia
Map references:
Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
60 sq km
land area:
60 sq km
comparative area:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC note:
includes the island of Diego Garcia Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
698 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
3 nm
International disputes:
the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius Climate:
tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds Terrain:
flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) Natural resources:
coconuts, fish
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
100%
Irrigated land:
0 sq km
Environment:
current issues:
NA
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
NA
Note:
archipelago of 2,300 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility
@British Indian Ocean Territory, People
Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note:
there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military facilities
@British Indian Ocean Territory, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
British Indian Ocean Territory
conventional short form:
none
Abbreviation:
BIOT
Digraph:
IO
Type:
dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
none
Independence:
none (dependent territory of the UK) Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government:
Commissioner Thomas GEORGE (since September 1991); Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS (since NA 1991); note – both reside in the UK Diplomatic representation in US:
none (dependent territory of the UK) US diplomatic representation:
none (dependent territory of the UK) Flag:
white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag
@British Indian Ocean Territory, Economy
Overview:
All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. Electricity:
provided by the US military
@British Indian Ocean Territory, Communications
Highways:
total:
NA
paved:
short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia unpaved:
NA
Ports:
Diego Garcia
Airports:
total:
1
usable:
1
with permanent-surface runways:
1
with runways over 3,659 m:
1 on Diego Garcia
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,229-2,439 m:
0
Telecommunications:
minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) – 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@British Indian Ocean Territory, Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK
@British Virgin Islands
Header
Affiliation:
(dependent territory of the UK)
@British Virgin Islands, Geography
Location:
Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east of Puerto Rico
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean Area:
total area:
150 sq km
land area:
150 sq km
comparative area:
about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC note:
includes the island of Anegada
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
80 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
3 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Terrain:
coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly Natural resources:
negligible
Land use:
arable land:
20%
permanent crops:
7%
meadows and pastures:
33%
forest and woodland:
7%
other:
33%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
NA
natural hazards:
subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October) international agreements:
NA
Note:
strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico
@British Virgin Islands, People
Population:
12,864 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.24% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
20.31 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
6.09 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
19.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
72.67 years
male:
70.83 years
female:
74.65 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.27 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
British Virgin Islander(s)
adjective:
British Virgin Islander
Ethnic divisions:
black 90%, white, Asian
Religions:
Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah’s Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981) Languages:
English (official)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population:
98%
male:
98%
female:
98%
Labor force:
4,911 (1980)
by occupation:
NA
@British Virgin Islands, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
British Virgin Islands
Abbreviation:
BVI
Digraph:
VI
Type:
dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
Road Town
Administrative divisions:
none (dependent territory of the UK) Independence:
none (dependent territory of the UK) National holiday:
Territory Day, 1 July
Constitution:
1 June 1977
Legal system:
English law
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Peter Alfred PENFOLD (since 14 October 1991) head of government:
Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA September 1986) cabinet:
Executive Council; appointed by the governor Legislative branch:
unicameral
Legislative Council:
election last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2
Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), E. Walwyln BREWLEY
Member of:
CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO (associate) Diplomatic representation in US:
none (dependent territory of the UK) US diplomatic representation:
none (dependent territory of the UK) Flag:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)
@British Virgin Islands, Economy
Overview:
The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation fees generated about $2 million in 1987. The economy slowed in 1991 because of the poor performances of the tourist sector and tight commercial bank credit. Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The islands’ crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements. National product:
GDP – purchasing power equivalent – $133 million (1991) National product real growth rate:
2% (1991)
National product per capita:
$10,600 (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.5% (1990 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NEGL% (1992)
Budget:
revenues:
$51 million
expenditures:
$88 million, including capital expenditures of $38 million (1991) Exports:
$2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988)
commodities:
rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals partners:
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US Imports:
$11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988)
commodities:
building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery partners:
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US External debt:
$4.5 million (1985)
Industrial production:
growth rate 4% (1985)
Electricity:
capacity:
10,500 kW
production:
43 million kWh
consumption per capita:
3,510 kWh (1990)
Industries:
tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore financial center
Agriculture:
livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents Exchange rates:
US currency is used
Fiscal year:
1 April – 31 March
@British Virgin Islands, Communications
Highways:
total:
106 km (1983)
paved:
NA
unpaved:
NA
Ports:
Road Town
Airports:
total:
3
usable:
3
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
0
Telecommunications:
3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations – 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
@British Virgin Islands, Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK
@Brunei, Geography
Location:
Southeastern Asia, on the northern coast of Borneo almost completely surrounded by Malaysia
Map references:
Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
5,770 sq km
land area:
5,270 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Delaware
Land boundaries:
total 381 km, Malysia 381 km
Coastline:
161 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly claimed the island Climate:
tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Terrain:
flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, timber
Land use:
arable land:
1%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
1%
forest and woodland:
79%
other:
18%
Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
NA
international agreements:
party to – Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified – Law of the Sea
natural hazards:
typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare Note:
close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of Malaysia
@Brunei, People
Population:
284,653 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.7% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
26.18 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
5.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
25.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
71.1 years
male:
69.46 years
female:
72.78 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3.43 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Bruneian(s)
adjective:
Bruneian
Ethnic divisions:
Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16% Religions:
Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and other 15% (1981)
Languages:
Malay (official), English, Chinese Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population:
77%
male:
85%
female:
69%
Labor force:
89,000 (includes members of the Army) by occupation:
government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986) note:
33% of labor force is foreign (1988)
@Brunei, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Negara Brunei Darussalam
conventional short form:
Brunei
Digraph:
BX
Type:
constitutional sultanate
Capital:
Bandar Seri Begawan
Administrative divisions:
4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular – daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong
Independence:
1 January 1984 (from UK)
National holiday:
National Day 23 February (1984)
Constitution:
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
Legal system:
based on Islamic law
Suffrage:
none
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967) cabinet:
Council of Cabinet Ministers; composed chiefly of members of the royal family
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri): elections last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive body by decree of the sultan; an elected legislative Council is being considered as part of constitution reform, but elections are unlikely for several years Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), leader NA
Member of:
APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, UNTAC, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador JAYA bin Abdul Latif
chancery:
2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20037 telephone:
(202) 342-0159
FAX:
(202) 342-0158
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Theresa A. TULL
embassy:
Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan mailing address:
American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440 telephone:
[673] (2) 229-670
FAX:
[673] (2) 225-293
Flag:
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands
@Brunei, Economy
Overview:
The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per capita GDP is among the highest in the Third World, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and housing.
National product:
GDP – exchange rate conversion – $2.5 billion (1991 est.) National product real growth rate:
1% (1991)
National product per capita:
$9,000 (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
3.7% (1989)
Budget:
revenues:
$1.3 billion
expenditures:
$1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.)
Exports:
$2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products partners:
Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990) Imports:
$2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals partners:
Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990) External debt:
$0
Industrial production:
growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP Electricity:
capacity:
310,000 kW
production:
890 million kWh
consumption per capita:
3,300 kWh (1990)
Industries:
petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction Agriculture:
imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million
Currency:
1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents Exchange rates:
Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 – 1.6032 (January 1994), 1.6158 (1993), 1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989); note – the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Brunei, Communications
Railroads:
13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line Highways:
total:
1,090 km
paved:
bituminous 370 km (with another 52 km under construction) unpaved:
gravel or earth 720 km
Inland waterways:
209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters Pipelines:
crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km Ports:
Kuala Belait, Muara
Merchant marine:
7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 DWT
Airports:
total:
2
usable:
2
with permanent-surface runways:
1
with runway over 3,659 m:
1
with runway 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runway 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations – 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio receivers (1987); satellite earth stations – 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
@Brunei, Defense Forces
Branches:
Land Force, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 79,486; fit for military service 46,258; reach military age (18) annually 2,756 (1994 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $300 million, 9% of GDP (1990)
@Bulgaria, Geography
Location:
Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey
Map references:
Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
110,910 sq km
land area:
110,550 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Tennessee
Land boundaries:
total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and Montenegro 318 km (all with Serbia), Turkey 240 km
Coastline:
354 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Terrain:
mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south Natural resources:
bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land Land use:
arable land:
34%
permanent crops:
3%
meadows and pastures:
18%
forest and woodland:
35%
other:
10%
Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
natural hazards:
subject to earthquakes, landslides international agreements:
party to – Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified – Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia
@Bulgaria, People
Population:
8,799,986 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
-0.32% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
11.71 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
11.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
-3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
12 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
73.24 years
male:
69.99 years
female:
76.67 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.71 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Bulgarian(s)
adjective:
Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions:
Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, other 0.6%
Religions:
Bulgarian Orthodox 85%, Muslim 13%, Jewish 0.8%, Roman Catholic 0.5%, Uniate Catholic 0.2%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5% Languages:
Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) total population:
93%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
4.3 million
by occupation:
industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987)
@Bulgaria, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form:
Bulgaria
Digraph:
BU
Type:
emerging democracy
Capital:
Sofia
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (oblasti, singular – oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, Lovech, Montana, Plovdiv, Ruse, Sofiya, Varna Independence:
22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire) National holiday:
Independence Day 3 March (1878)
Constitution:
adopted 12 July 1991
Legal system:
based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Zhelyu Mitev ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990); Vice President (vacant); election last held January 1992; results – Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote
head of government:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Lyuben Borisov BEROV (since 30 December 1992); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Deputy Prime Minister) Evgeniy MATINCHEV (since 30 December 1992)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; elected by the National Assembly Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie):