Yemeni rials per US$1 – 12.0 (official); 70 (market rate, April 1994) Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Yemen, Communications
Highways:
total:
15,500 km
paved:
4,000 km
unpaved:
natural surface 11,500 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km Ports:
Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra’s Kathib, Salif
Merchant marine:
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT, cargo 2, oil tanker 1
Airports:
total:
46
usable:
40
with permanent-surface runways:
10
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
18
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
11
Telecommunications:
since unification in 1990, efforts are still being made to create a national domestic civil telecommunications network; the network consists of microwave radio relay, cable and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations – 4 AM, 1 FM, 10 TV; satellite earth stations – 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti
@Yemen, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 2,142,519; fit for military service 1,219,985; reach military age (14) annually 137,497 (1994 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $762 million, 14% of GDP (1992)
@Zaire, Geography
Location:
Central Africa, between Congo and Zambia Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
2,345,410 sq km
land area:
2,267,600 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than one-quarter the size of US Land boundaries:
total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km
Coastline:
37 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)
Climate:
tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator – wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator – wet season November to March, dry season April to October
Terrain:
vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east Natural resources:
cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land:
3%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
4%
forest and woodland:
78%
other:
15%
Irrigated land:
100 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation
natural hazards:
periodic droughts in south
international agreements:
party to – Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Tropical Timber; signed, but not ratified – Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification Note:
straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands
@Zaire, People
Population:
42,684,091 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.17% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
48.39 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
16.74 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
110.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
47.4 years
male:
45.57 years
female:
49.29 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.7 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Zairian(s)
adjective:
Zairian
Ethnic divisions:
over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes – Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population Religions:
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% Languages:
French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population:
72%
male:
84%
female:
61%
Labor force:
15 million (13% of the labor force is wage earners; 51% of the population is of working age)
by occupation:
agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985)
@Zaire, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Zaire
conventional short form:
Zaire
local long form:
Republique du Zaire
local short form:
Zaire
former:
Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/Kinshasa Digraph:
CG
Type:
republic with a strong presidential system Capital:
Kinshasa
Administrative divisions:
10 regions (regions, singular – region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu Independence:
30 June 1960 (from Belgium)
National holiday:
Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) Constitution:
24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April 1990; new transitional constitution promulgated in April 1994 Legal system:
based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965) election last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by High Council, the opposition-controlled transition legislature); results – President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition head of government:
Prime Minister Etienne TSHISEKEDI (since NA 1993); note – de facto executive authority is exercised by President MOBUTU cabinet:
National Executive Council; appointed by the president on recommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
parliament:
a single body consisting of the High Council of the Republic and the Parliament of the Transition with membership equally divided between presidential supporters and opponents
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
sole legal party until January 1991 – Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ a Karl-I-Bond; Unified Lumumbast Party (PALU), Antoine GIZENGA
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador TATANENE Manata
chancery:
1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone:
(202) 234-7690 or 7691
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission John YATES embassy:
310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa mailing address:
Unit 31550, Kinshasha; APO AE 09828 telephone:
[243] (12) 21532, 21628
FAX:
[243] (12) 21232 or 21534/5, ext. 2308 consulate(s) general:
Lubumbashi (closed and evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor security situation)
Flag:
light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Zaire, Economy
Overview:
Zaire’s economy has continued to disintegrate. While meaningful economic figures are difficult to come by, Zaire’s hyperinflation, the largest government deficit ever, and plunging mineral production have made the country one of the world’s poorest. Most formal transactions are conducted in hard currency as indigenous banknotes have lost almost all value, and a barter economy now flourishes in all but the largest cities. Most individuals and families hang on grimly through subsistence farming and petty trade. The government has not been able to meet its financial obligations to the International Momentary Fund or put in place the financial measures advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects for improvement are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire’s long-term potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral and agricultural resources. National product:
GDP – purchasing power equivalent – $21 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate:
-6% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
35%-40% per month (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports:
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oil partners:
US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa Imports:
$1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels
partners:
South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK External debt:
$9.2 billion (May 1992 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
2,580,000 kW
production:
6 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
160 kWh (1991)
Industries:
mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds
Agriculture:
cash crops – coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops – cassava, bananas, root crops, corn
Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million
note:
except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no US assistance was given to Zaire in 1992
Currency:
1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta
Exchange rates:
zaire (Z) per US$1 – 7,915,000 (September 1993), 1,990,000 (1992), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Zaire, Communications
Railroads:
5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of civil strife Highways:
total:
146,500 km
paved:
2,800 km
unpaved:
gravel, improved earth 46,200 km; unimproved earth 97,500 km Inland waterways:
15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes Pipelines:
petroleum products 390 km
Ports:
Matadi, Boma, Banana
Merchant marine:
1 passenger cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,489 GRT/13,481 DWT
Airports:
total:
278
usable:
233
with permanent-surface runways:
25
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
6
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
72
Telecommunications:
barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations – 10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations – 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic
@Zaire, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, Special Presidential Division
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 9,178,659; fit for military service 4,674,819 Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988)
@Zambia, Geography
Location:
Southern Africa, between Zaire and Zimbabwe Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
752,610 sq km
land area:
740,720 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
Climate:
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Terrain:
mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains Natural resources:
copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land:
7%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
47%
forest and woodland:
27%
other:
19%
Irrigated land:
320 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros and elephant populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to – Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands Note:
landlocked
@Zambia, People
Population:
9,188,190 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.83% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
45.99 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
17.65 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
85 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
44.18 years
male:
43.82 years
female:
44.54 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.68 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Zambian(s)
adjective:
Zambian
Ethnic divisions:
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% Religions:
Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% Languages:
English (official)
note:
about 70 indigenous languages
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population:
73%
male:
81%
female:
65%
Labor force:
2.455 million
by occupation:
agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and services 9%
@Zambia, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Zambia
conventional short form:
Zambia
former:
Northern Rhodesia
Digraph:
ZA
Type:
republic
Capital:
Lusaka
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western
Independence:
24 October 1964 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 24 October (1964) Constitution:
2 August 1991
Legal system:
based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991); Vice President Levy MWANAWASA (since 31 October 1991); election last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held in 1996); results – Frederick CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16%
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president from members of the National Assembly
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Assembly:
elections last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held in 1996); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25; note – the MMD’s majority was weakened by the defection of 13 of its parliamentary members during 1993 and the defeat of its candidates in 4 of the resulting by-elections
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kebby MUSOKATWANE; National Party (NP), Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA;
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFTU, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Dunstan Weston KAMANA
chancery:
2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:
(202) 265-9717 through 9721
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Roland KUCHEL
embassy:
corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka mailing address:
P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka
telephone:
[260-1] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603 FAX:
[260-1] 261-538
Flag:
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag
@Zambia, Economy
Overview:
The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a chronically depressed level of copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1991 real GDP fell by 2% and in 1992 by 3% more. An annual population growth of 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past decade. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia’s economic woes in recent years. National product:
GDP – purchasing power equivalent – $7.3 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate:
-2.8% (1992)
National product per capita:
$800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
191% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$665 million
expenditures:
$767 million, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.)
Exports:
$1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco partners:
EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, India Imports:
$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures partners:
EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US External debt:
$7.6 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 40% of GDP Electricity:
capacity:
2,775,000 kW
production:
12 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
1,400 kWh (1991)
Industries:
copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
Agriculture:
accounts for 12% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops – corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs Illicit drugs:
role as regional transshipment center for mandrax and heroin Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 million
Currency:
1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee
Exchange rates:
Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 – 344.8276 (October 1993), 156.25 (1992), 61.7284 (1991), 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989) Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Zambia, Communications
Railroads:
1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track Highways:
total:
36,370 km
paved:
6,500 km
unpaved:
crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 7,000 km; improved, unimproved earth 22,870 km
Inland waterways:
2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika Pipelines:
crude oil 1,724 km
Ports:
Mpulungu (lake port)
Airports:
total:
113
usable:
103
with permanent-surface runways:
13
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
22
Telecommunications:
facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations – 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations – 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
@Zambia, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Air Force, Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,882,053; fit for military service 988,913 Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $45 million, 1% of GDP (1992 est.)
@Zimbabwe, Geography
Location:
Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
390,580 sq km
land area:
386,670 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Montana
Land boundaries:
total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement Climate:
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Terrain:
mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east
Natural resources:
coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals Land use:
arable land:
7%
permanent crops:
NA% (coffee is a permanent crop)
meadows and pastures:
12%
forest and woodland:
62%
other:
NA%
Irrigated land:
2,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution natural hazards:
recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare international agreements:
party to – Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified – Biodiversity
Note:
landlocked
@Zimbabwe, People
Population:
10,975,078 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.2% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
37.24 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate:
18.1 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate:
-7.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate:
7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
tatal population:
42.06 years
male:
40.44 years
female:
43.74 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
5.1 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Zimbabwean(s)
adjective:
Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions:
African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%
Religions:
syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% Languages:
English (official), Shona, Sindebele Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.); total population:
67%
male:
74%
female:
60%
Labor force:
3.1 million
by occupation:
agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987)
@Zimbabwe, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form:
Zimbabwe
former:
Southern Rhodesia
Digraph:
ZI
Type:
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Harare
Administrative divisions:
8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands
Independence:
18 April 1980 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 April (1980) Constitution:
21 December 1979
Legal system:
mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); election last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results – Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president; responsible to Parliament Legislative branch:
unicameral
Parliament:
elections last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE and Abel MUYOREWA; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENA
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI chancery:
1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone:
(202) 332-7100
FAX:
(202) 483-9326
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER
embassy:
172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare mailing address:
P. O. Box 3340, Harare
telephone:
[263] (4) 794-521
FAX:
[263] (4) 796-488
Flag:
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
@Zimbabwe, Economy
Overview:
Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in 1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about 10% in 1992.
National product:
GDP – purchasing power equivalent – $15.9 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate:
2% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$1,400 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
22% (January 1994 est.)
Unemployment rate:
at least 35% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$1.7 billion
expenditures:
$2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $253 million (FY93) Exports:
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
agricultural 35% (tobacco 30%, other 10%), manufactures 25%, gold 12%, ferrochrome 10%, textiles 8% (1992)
partners:
UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991) Imports:
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment 41%, other manufactures 23%, chemicals 16%, fuels 12% (1991)
partners:
South Africa 25%, UK 15%, Germany 9%, US 6%, Japan 5% (1991) External debt:
$3.5 billion (December 1992 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 35% of GDP Electricity:
capacity:
3,650,000 kW
production:
8.18 billion kWh (1992)
consumption per capita:
740 kWh (1992)
Industries:
mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products Agriculture:
accounts for 20% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops – corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
NA
Currency:
1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents Exchange rates:
Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 – 8.1037 (January 1994), 6.4725 (1993), 5.1046 (1992), 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989) Fiscal year:
1 July – 30 June
@Zimbabwe, Communications
Railroads:
2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 km electrified)
Highways:
total:
85,237 km
paved:
15,800 km
unpaved:
crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 39,090 km; improved earth 23,097 km; unimproved earth 7,250 km
Inland waterways:
Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication Pipelines:
petroleum products 212 km
Airports:
total:
477
usable:
401
with permanent-surface runways:
22
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
3
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
28
Telecommunications:
system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations – 8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Zimbabwe, Defense Forces
Branches:
Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police) Manpower availability:
males 15-49 2,371,186; fit for military service 1,472,603 (1994 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)
Appendix A: The United Nations System
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:
1) Secretariat
2) General Assembly:
Habitat Commission on Human Settlements UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNITAR UN Institute for Training and Research UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UN Special Fund
UN University
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program
3) Security Council:
Peacekeeping Forces and Organizations UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UNIKOM United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNOSOM II United Nations Operation in Somalia UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda
Commissions Established Pursuant to SC Res.687 UNSCOM UN Special Commission
United National Compensation Commission UN Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
Specialized agencies
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UPU Universal Postal Union
WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization
Related organizations
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Regional commissions
ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Functional commissions
Commission on Human Rights
Commission on Narcotics Drugs
Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women
Population Commission
Statistical Commission
Commission on Science and Technology for Development Commission on Sustainable Development Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission on Transnational Corporations
5) Trusteeship Council
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Appendix B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups
A ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa ACC Arab Cooperation Council
ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries AfDB African Development Bank
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AG Andean Group
AL Arab League
ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) AMF Arab Monetary Fund
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation AsDB Asian Development Bank
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB)
BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Benelux Benelux Economic Union
BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
BIS Bank for International Settlements BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB)
BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone
C C Commonwealth
CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCC Customs Cooperation Council
CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe
CEAO Communaute Economique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO) CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) CEI Central European Initiative
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) CG Contadora Group
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 CP Colombo Plan
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
D DC developed country
E EADB East African Development Bank EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community; see European Union (EU) ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank
Entente Council of the Entente ESA European Space Agency
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union
Euratom European Atomic Energy Community
F FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FLS Front Line States
FZ Franc Zone
G G-2 Group of 2
G-3 Group of 3
G-5 Group of 5
G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) G-7 Group of 7
G-8 Group of 8
G-9 Group of 9
G-10 Group of 10
G-11 Group of 11
G-15 Group of 15
G-19 Group of 19
G-24 Group of 24
G-30 Group of 30
G-33 Group of 33
G-77 Group of 77
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
H Habitat Commission on Human Settlements
I IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade Unions IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IIB International Investment Bank ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOC International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union
L LAES Latin American Economic System LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) LDC less developed country
LLDC least developed country
LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
M MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common Market MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
N NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council NAM Nonaligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council
NEA Nuclear Energy Agency
NIB Nordic Investment Bank
NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE)
NIE newly industrializing economy NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group
O OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
P PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
R RG Rio Group
S SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES)
SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement
SPC South Pacific Commission SPF South Pacific Forum
U UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) UN United Nations
UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UPU Universal Postal Union
USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe
W WADB West African Development Bank WCL World Confederation of Labor
WEU Western European Union
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance)
WTO World Tourism Organization
Z ZC Zangger Committee
Note: Not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations
Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups
—–
Note: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved, and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations Specialized Agencies. The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership of the former Yugoslavia. The World Factbook therefore continues to list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or where no action has yet been taken.
—–
advanced developing countries
another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
—–
African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
established – 1 April 1976
aim – members have a preferential economic and aid relationship with the EU
members – (70) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
—–
African Development Bank (AfDB),
also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
established – 4 August 1963
aim – to promote economic and social development
regional members – (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
nonregional members – (26) Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
—–
Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)
see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
—–
Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
note – acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique
established – 21 March 1970
aim – to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries
members – (34) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire
associate members – (5) Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia
participating governments – (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada)
observers – (3) Bulgaria, Cambodia, Romania
—–
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
note – acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
established – 14 February 1967
aim – to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons
members – (26) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
—–
Andean Group (AG)
established – 26 May 1969
effective – 16 October 1969
aim – to promote harmonious development through economic integration
members – (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
associate member – (1) Panama
observers – (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia
—–
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
note – also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)
established – 18 February 1974
effective – 16 September 1974
aim – to promote economic development
members – (17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note – these are all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen
—–
Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)
established – 16 February 1989
aim – to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market
members – (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen
—–
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
established – 16 May 1968
aim – to promote economic and social development
members – (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
—–
Arab League (AL)
note – also known as League of Arab States (LAS)
established – 22 March 1945
aim – to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation
members – (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
—–
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
established – 17 February 1989
aim – to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa
members – (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
—–
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
established – 27 April 1976
effective – 2 February 1977
aim – to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs
members – (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
—–
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
established – 7 November 1989
aim – to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin
members – (16) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, US
—–
Asian Development Bank (AsDB)
established – 19 December 1966
aim – to promote regional economic cooperation
regional members – (37) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
nonregional members – (16) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
—–
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
—–
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
established – 9 August 1967
aim – to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia
members – (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
observers – (3) Laos, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam
—–
Australia Group
established – 1984
aim – to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical and biological weapons
members – (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
observer – (1) Singapore
—–
Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
established – 1 September 1951
effective – 29 April 1952
aim – to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986
members – (3) Australia, NZ, US
—–
Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)
see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
—–
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)
see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
—–
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
established – 20 January 1930
effective – 17 March 1930
aim – to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements
members – (33) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
—–
Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
see African Development Bank (AfDB)
—–
Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)
see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
—–
Banque de Developpement des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)
see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
—–
Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)
see West African Development Bank (WADB)
—–
Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)
note – acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
established – 3 February 1958
effective – 1 November 1960
aim – to develop closer economic cooperation and integration
members – (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
—–
Big Seven
note – membership is the same as the Group of 7
established – NA 1975
aim – to discuss and coordinate major economic policies
members – (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US
—–
Big Six
note – not to be confused with the Group of 6
established – NA 1967
aim – to foster economic cooperation
members – (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK
—–
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)
established – 25 June 1992
aim – to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation
members – (11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
observer – (1) Poland
—–
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
established – 4 July 1973
effective – 1 August 1973
aim – to promote economic integration and development, especially among the less developed countries
members – (13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago
associate members – (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
observers – (10) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Venezuela
—–
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
established – 18 October 1969
effective – 26 January 1970
aim – to promote economic development and cooperation
regional members – (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela
nonregional members – (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK
—–
Cartagena Group
see Group of 11
—–
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
note – acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale
established – 8 December 1964
effective – 1 January 1966
aim – to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market
members – (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
—–
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
note – acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
established – 3 December 1975
aim – to provide loans for economic development
members – (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait
—–
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
note – acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico
established – 13 December 1960
aim – to promote economic integration and development
members – (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
nonregional members – (4) Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan, Venezuela
—–
Central American Common Market (CACM)
established – 13 December 1960
effective – 3 June 1961
aim – to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market
members – (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
—–
Central European Initiative (CEI)
note – evolved from the Hexagonal Group
established – 27 July 1991
aim – to form an economic and political cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas
members – (10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia
participating nonmembers – (6) Baden-Wurtemburg, Bavaria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine
—–
centrally planned economies
a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
—–
Colombo Plan (CP)
established – 1 July 1951
aim – to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific
members – (24) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, US
—–
Commission for Social Development
established – 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966
aim – Economic and Social Council organization dealing with social development programs of UN
members – (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
—–
Commission on Human Rights
established – 18 February 1946
aim – Economic and Social Council organization dealing with human rights programs of UN
members – (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
—–
Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat)
established – 12 October 1978
aim – Economic and Social Council organization assisting in solving human settlement problems of UN
members – (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
—–
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
established – 16 February 1946
aim – Economic and Social Council organization dealing with illicit drugs programs of UN
members – (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis on producing and processing countries
—–
Commission on the Status of Women
established – 21 June 1946
aim – Economic and Social Council organization dealing with women’s rights goals of UN
members – (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
—–
Commonwealth (C)
established – 31 December 1931
aim – voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance
members – (48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
special members – (2) Nauru, Tuvalu
—–
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
established – 8 December 1991
effective – 21 December 1991
aim – to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR
members – (12) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
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Communaute Economique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEAO)