elements, it is said, even if difficult to assimilate, may gradually be brought into the body politic, but the Negro is the one element that may be tolerated but not assimilated, utilized but not welcomed to the fullness of the country’s glory.
However, the Negro has no reason to be discouraged. If one will but remember that after all slavery was but an incident and recall the status of the Negro even in the free states ten years before the Civil War, he will be able to see a steady line of progress forward. After the great moral and economic awakening that gave the race its freedom, the pendulum swung backward, and finally it reached its farthest point of proscription, of lawlessness, and inhumanity. No obscuring of the vision for the time being should blind us to the reading of the great movement of history.
To-day in the whole question of the Negro problem there are some matters of pressing and general importance. One that is constantly thrust forward is that of the Negro criminal. On this the answer is clear. If a man–Negro or otherwise–is a criminal, he is an enemy of society, and society demands that he be placed where he will do the least harm. If execution is necessary, this should take place in private; and in no case should the criminal be so handled as to corrupt the morals or arouse the morbid sensibilities of the populace. At the same time simple patriotism would demand that by uplifting home surroundings, good schools, and wholesome recreation everything possible be done for Negro children as for other children of the Republic, so that just as few of them as possible may graduate into the criminal class.
Another matter, closely akin to this, is that of the astonishing lust for torture that more and more is actuating the American people. When in 1835 McIntosh was burned in St. Louis for the murder of an officer, the American people stood aghast, and Abraham Lincoln, just coming into local prominence, spoke as if the very foundations of the young republic had been shaken. After the Civil War, however, horrible lynchings became frequent; and within the last decade we have seen a Negro boy stabbed in numberless places while on his way to the stake, we have seen the eyes of a Negro man burned out with hot irons and pieces of his flesh cut off, and a Negro woman–whose only offense was a word of protest against the lynching of her husband–while in the state of advanced pregnancy hanged head downwards, her clothing burned from her body, and herself so disemboweled that her unborn babe fell to the ground. We submit that any citizens who commit such deeds as these are deserving of the most serious concern of their country; and when they bring their little children to behold their acts–when baby fingers handle mutilated flesh and baby eyes behold such pictures as we have suggested–a crime has been committed against the very name of childhood. Most frequently it will be found that the men who do these things have had only the most meager educational advantages, and that generally–but not always–they live in remote communities, away from centers of enlightenment, so that their whole course of life is such as to cultivate provincialism. With not the slightest touch of irony whatever we suggest that these men need a crusade of education in books and in the fundamental obligations of citizenship. At present their ignorance, their prejudice, and their lack of moral sense constitute a national menace.
It is full time to pause. We have already gone too far. The Negro problem is only an index to the ills of society in America. In our haste to get rich or to meet new conditions we are in danger of losing all of our old standards of conduct, of training, and of morality. Our courts need to summon a new respect for themselves. The average citizen knows only this about them, that he wants to keep away from them. So far we have not been assured of justice. The poor man has not stood an equal chance with the rich, nor the black with the white. Money has been freely used, even for the changing of laws if need be; and the sentencing of a man of means generally means only that he will have a new trial. The murders in any American city average each year fifteen or twenty times as many as in an English or French city of the same size. Our churches need a new baptism; they have lost the faith. The same principle applies in our home-life, in education, in literature. The family altar is almost extinct; learning is more easy than sound; and in literature as in other forms of art any passing fad is able to gain followers and pose as worthy achievement. All along the line we need more uprightness–more strength. Even when a man has committed a crime, he must receive justice in court. Within recent years we have heard too much about “speedy trials,” which are often nothing more than legalized lynchings. If it has been decreed that a man is to wait for a trial one week or one year, the mob has nothing to do with the matter, and, if need be, all the soldiery of the United States must be called forth to prevent the storming of a jail. Fortunately the last few years have shown us several sheriffs who had this conception of their duty.
In the last analysis this may mean that more responsibility and more force will have to be lodged in the Federal Government. Within recent years the dignity of the United States has been seriously impaired. The time seems now to have come when the Government must make a new assertion of its integrity and its authority. No power in the country can be stronger than that of the United States of America.
For the time being, then, this is what we need–a stern adherence to law. If men will not be good, they must at least be made to behave. No one will pretend, however, that an adjustment on such a basis is finally satisfactory. Above the law of the state–above all law of man–is the law of God. It was given at Sinai thousands of years ago. It received new meaning at Calvary. To it we must all yet come. The way may be hard, and in the strife of the present the time may seem far distant; but some day the Messiah will reign and man to man the world over shall brothers be “for a’ that.”
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Unless an adequate volume is to be devoted to the work, any bibliography of the history of the Negro Problem in the United States must be selective. No comprehensive work is in existence. Importance attaches to _Select List of References on the Negro Question_, compiled under the direction of A.P.C. Griffin, Library of Congress, Washington, 1903; _A Select Bibliography of the Negro American_, edited by W.E.B. DuBois, Atlanta, 1905, and _The Negro Problem: a Bibliography_, edited by Vera Sieg, Free Library Commission, Madison, Wis., 1908; but all such lists have to be supplemented for more recent years. Compilations on the Abolition Movement, the early education of the Negro, and the literary and artistic production of the race are to be found respectively in Hart’s _Slavery and Abolition_, Woodson’s _The Education of the Negro prior to 1861_, and Brawley’s _The Negro in Literature and Art_, and the _Journal of Negro History_ is constantly suggestive of good material.
The bibliography that follows is confined to the main question. First of all are given general references, and then follows a list of individual authors and books. Finally, there are special lists on topics on which the study in the present work is most intensive. In a few instances books that are superficial in method or prejudiced in tone have been mentioned as it has seemed necessary to try to consider all shades of opinion even if the expression was not always adequate. On the other hand, not every source mentioned in the footnotes is included, for sometimes these references are merely incidental; and especially does this apply in the case of lectures or magazine articles, some of which were later included in books. Nor is there any reference to works of fiction. These are frequently important, and books of unusual interest are sometimes considered in the body of the work; but in such a study as the present imaginative literature can be hardly more than a secondary and a debatable source of information.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. General References
(Mainly in Collections, Sets, or Series)
Statutes at Large, being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia from the first session of the Legislature, in the year 1619, by William Waller Hening. Richmond, 1819-20.
Laws of the State of North Carolina, compiled by Henry Potter, J.L. Taylor, and Bart. Yancey. Raleigh, 1821.
The Statutes at Large of South Carolina, edited by Thomas Cooper. Columbia, 1837.
The Pro-Slavery Argument (as maintained by the most distinguished writers of the Southern states). Charleston, 1852.
Files of such publications as Niles’s _Weekly Register_, the _Genius of Universal Emancipation_, the _Liberator_, and DeBow’s _Commercial Review_, in the period before the Civil War; and of the _Crisis_, the _Journal of Negro History_, the _Negro Year-Book_, the _Virginia Magazine of History_, the _Review of Reviews_, the _Literary Digest_, the _Independent_, the _Outlook_, as well as representative newspapers North and South and weekly Negro newspapers in later years.
Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science (some numbers important for the present work noted below).
Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law edited by the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University (some numbers important for the present work noted below).
Atlanta University Studies of Negro Problems (for unusually important numbers note DuBois, editor, below, also Bigham).
Occasional Papers of the American Negro Academy (especially note Cromwell in special list No. 1 below and Grimke in No. 3).
Census Reports of the United States; also Publications of the Bureau of Education.
Annual Reports of the General Education Board, the John F. Slater Fund, the Jeanes Fund; reports and pamphlets issued by American Missionary Association, American Baptist Home Mission Society, Freedmen’s Aid Society, etc.; catalogues of representative educational institutions; and a volume “From Servitude to Service” (the Old South lectures on representative educational institutions for the Negro), Boston, 1905.
Pamphlets and reports of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Urban League, the Southern Sociological Congress, the University Commission on Southern Race Questions, Hampton Conference reports, 1897-1907, and Proceedings of the National Negro Business League, annual since 1900.
The American Nation: A History from Original Sources by Associated Scholars, edited by Albert Bushnell Hart. 27 vols. Harper & Bros., New York, 1907. (Volumes important for the present work specially noted below.)
The Chronicles of America. A Series of Historical Narratives edited by Allen Johnson. 50 vols. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1918–. (Volumes important for the present work specially noted below.)
The South in the Building of the Nation. 12 vols. The Southern Publication Society. Richmond, Va., 1909.
Studies in Southern History and Politics. Columbia University Press, New York, 1914.
New International and Americana Encyclopedias (especially on such topics as Africa, the Negro, and Negro Education).
II. INDIVIDUAL WORKS
(Note pamphlets at end of list; also special lists under III below.)
Adams, Alice Dana: The Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery in America (1808-1831), Radcliffe College Monograph No. 14. Boston, 1908 (now handled by Harvard University Press).
Adams, Henry: History of the United States from 1801 to 1817. 9 vols. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1889-90.
Alexander, William T.: History of the Colored Race in America. Palmetto Publishing Co., New Orleans, 1887.
Armistead, Wilson: A Tribute for the Negro, being a Vindication of the Moral, Intellectual, and Religious Capabilities of the Colored Portion of Mankind, with particular reference to the African race, illustrated by numerous biographical sketches, facts, anecdotes, etc., and many superior portraits and engravings. Manchester, 1848.
Baker, Ray Stannard: Following the Color Line. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1908.
Ballagh, James Curtis: A History of Slavery in Virginia. Johns Hopkins Studies, extra volume 24. Baltimore, 1902.
White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia. Johns Hopkins Studies, Thirteenth Series, Nos. 6 and 7. Baltimore, 1895.
Bassett, John Spencer: Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina. Sixth Series, No. 6. Baltimore, 1898.
Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina. Johns Hopkins Studies, Fourteenth Series, Nos. 4 and 5. Baltimore, 1896.
Slavery in the State of North Carolina. Johns Hopkins Studies, XIV: 179; XVII: 323.
Bigham, John Alvin (editor): Select Discussions of Race Problems, No. 20, of Atlanta University Publications. Atlanta, 1916.
Birney, William: James G. Birney and His Times. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1890.
Blake, W.O.: The History of Slavery and the Slave-Trade. Columbus, O., 1861.
Blyden, Edward W.: Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race. London, 1887.
Bogart, Ernest Ludlow: The Economic History of the United States. Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1918 edition.
Bourne, Edward Gaylord: Spain in America, 1450-1580. Vol. 3 of American Nation Series.
Brackett, Jeffrey Richardson: The Negro in Maryland: A Study of the Institution of Slavery. Johns Hopkins Studies, extra volume 6. Baltimore, 1889.
Bradford, Sarah H.: Harriet, the Moses of Her People. New York, 1886.
Brawley, Benjamin: A Short History of the American Negro. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1913, revised 1919.
History of Morehouse College. Atlanta, 1917.
The Negro in Literature and Art. Duffield & Co., New York, 1918.
Your Negro Neighbor (in Our National Problems series). The Macmillan Co., New York, 1918.
Africa and the War. Duffield & Co., New York, 1918.
Women of Achievement (written for the Fireside Schools under the auspices of the Woman’s American Baptist Home Mission Society). Chicago and New York, 1919.
Brawley, Edward M.: The Negro Baptist Pulpit. American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1890.
Bruce, Philip Alexander: Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. 2 vols. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1896.
Cable, George Washington: The Negro Question. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1890.
Calhoun, William Patrick: The Caucasian and the Negro in the United States. R.L. Bryan Co., Columbia, S. C, 1902.
Chamberlain, D.H.: Present Phases of Our So-Called Negro Problem (open letter to the Rt. Hon. James Bryce of England), reprinted from _News and Courier_, Charleston, of August 1, 1904.
Cheyney, Edward Potts: European Background of American History. Vol. I of American Nation Series.
Child, Lydia Maria: An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans. Boston, 1833.
The Oasis (edited). Boston, 1834.
Clayton, V.V.: White and Black under the Old Regime. Milwaukee, 1899.
Clowes, W. Laird: Black America: A Study of the Ex-Slave and His Late Master. Cassell & Co., London, 1891.
Coffin, Joshua: An Account of Some of the Principal Slave Insurrections, and others, which have occurred, or been attempted, in the United States and elsewhere, during the last two centuries, with various remarks. American Anti-Slavery Society, New York, 1860.
Collins, Winfield H.: The Domestic Slave Trade of the Southern States. Broadway Publishing Co., New York, 1904.
Coman, Katherine: The Industrial History of the United States. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1918 edition.
The Negro as a Peasant Farmer. American Statistical Association Publications, 1904:39.
Commons, John R.: Races and Immigrants in America. The Macmillan Co., 1907.
Coolidge, Archibald Cary: The United States as a World Power. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1918.
Cooper, Anna Julia: A Voice from the South, by a black woman of the South. Xenia, O., 1892.
Corey, Charles H.: A History of the Richmond Theological Seminary. Richmond, 1895.
Cornish, Samuel E., and Wright, T.S.: The Colonization Scheme Considered in Its Rejection by the Colored People. Newark, 1840.
Cromwell, John W.: The Negro in American History. The American Negro Academy, Washington, 1914.
Culp, Daniel W. (editor): Twentieth Century Negro Literature. Nichols & Co., Toronto, 1902.
Cutler, James E.: Lynch Law, an Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States. Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1905.
Daniels, John: In Freedom’s Birthplace: A Study of the Boston Negroes. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York, 1914.
Dewey, Davis Rich: National Problems, 1885-1897. Vol. 24 in American Nation Series.
Dill, Augustus Granville. See DuBois, editor Atlanta University Publications.
Dodd, William E.: The Cotton Kingdom. Vol. 27 of Chronicles of America.
Expansion and Conflict. Vol. 3 of Riverside History of the United States. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1915.
Dow, Lorenzo (“Cosmopolite, a Listener”): A Cry from the Wilderness! A Voice from the East, A Reply from the West–Trouble in the North, Exemplifying in the South. Intended as a timely and solemn warning to the People of the United States. Printed for the Purchaser and the Public. United States, 1830.
DuBois, W.E. Burghardt: Suppression of the African Slave-Trade. Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1896 (now handled by Harvard University Press).
DuBois, W.E. Burghardt: The Philadelphia Negro. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1899.
The Souls of Black Folk. A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1903. The Negro in the South (Booker T. Washington, co-author).
George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia, 1907.
John Brown (in American Crisis Biographies). George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia, 1909.
The Negro (in Home University Library Series). Henry Holt & Co., New York, 1915.
Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, 1920.
(Editor Atlanta University Publications).
The Negro Church, No. 8.
The Health and Physique of the Negro American, No. II.
Economic Co-operation among Negro Americans, No. 12.
The Negro American Family, No. 13.
Efforts for Social Betterment among Negro Americans, No. 14. The College-Bred Negro American, No. 15. (A.G. Dill, co-editor.)
The Negro American Artisan, No. 17. (A.G. Dill, co-editor.)
Morals and Manners among Negro Americans, No. 18. (A.G. Dill, co-editor.)
Dunbar, Alice Ruth Moore: Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence. The Bookery Publishing Co., New York, 1914.
Dunbar, Paul Laurence: Complete Poems. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, 1913.
Dunning, William Archibald: Reconstruction, Political and Economic. Vol. 22 of American Nation Series.
Earnest, Joseph B., Jr.: The Religious Development of the Negro in Virginia (Ph.D. thesis, Virginia). Charlottesville, 1914.
Eckenrode, Hamilton James: The Political History of Virginia during the Reconstruction. Johns Hopkins Studies. Twenty-second Series, Nos. 6, 7, and 8. Baltimore, 1904.
Ellis, George W.: Negro Culture in West Africa. The Neale Publishing Co., New York, 1914.
Ellwood, Charles A.: Sociology and Modern Social Problems. American Book Co., New York, 1910.
Elwang, William W.: The Negroes of Columbia, Mo. (A.M. thesis, Missouri), 1904.
Epstein, Abraham: The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh (in publications of School of Economics of the University of Pittsburgh). 1918.
Evans, Maurice S.: Black and White in the Southern States: A Study of the Race Problem in the United States from a South African Point of View. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1915.
Ferris, William Henry: The African Abroad. 2 vols. New Haven, 1913.
Fleming, Walter L.: Documentary History of Reconstruction. 2 vols. Arthur H. Clark Co., Cleveland, O., 1906.
The Sequel of Appomattox. Vol. 32 of Chronicles of America.
Fletcher, Frank H.: Negro Exodus. Report of agent appointed by the St. Louis Commission to visit Kansas for the purpose of obtaining information in regard to colored emigration. No imprint.
Furman, Richard: Exposition of the Views of the Baptists Relative to the Colored Population in the United States, in a communication to the Governor of South Carolina. Second edition, Charleston, 1833. (Letter bears original date December 24, 1822; Furman was president of State Baptist Convention.)
Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Garrison, Francis Jackson: William Lloyd Garrison; Story of His Life Told by His Children. 4 vols. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1894.
Garrison, William Lloyd: Thoughts on African Colonization: or An Impartial Exhibition of the Doctrines, Principles, and Purposes of the American Colonization Society, together with the Resolutions, Addresses, and Remonstrances of the Free People of Color. Boston, 1832.
Gayarre, Charles E.A.: History of Louisiana. 4 vols. New Orleans, 1885 edition.
Grady, Henry W.: The New South and Other Addresses, with biography, etc., by Edna H.L. Turpin. Maynard, Merrill & Co., New York, 1904.
Graham, Stephen: The Soul of John Brown. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1920.
Hallowell, Richard P.: Why the Negro was Enfranchised–Negro Suffrage Justified. Boston, 1903. (Reprint of two letters in the _Boston Herald_, March 11 and 26, 1903.)
Hammond, Lily Hardy: In Black and White: An Interpretation of Southern Life. Fleming H. Revell Co., New York, 1914.
Harris, Norman Dwight: Intervention and Colonization in Africa. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, 1914.
Hart, Albert Bushnell: National Ideals Historically Traced. Vol. 26 in American Nation Series.
Slavery and Abolition. Vol. 16 in American Nation Series.
The Southern South. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1910.
Hartshorn, W.N., and Penniman, George W.: An Era of Progress and Promise, 1863-1910. The Priscilla Publishing Co., Boston, 1910.
Haworth, Paul Leland: America in Ferment. Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, 1915.
Haynes, George E.: The Negro at Work in New York City Vol 49, No. 3, of Columbia Studies, 1912.
Helper, Hinton Rowan: The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It. New York, 1857.
Hickok, Charles T.: The Negro in Ohio, 1802-1870. (Western Reserve thesis.) Cleveland, 1896.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth: Army Life in a Black Regiment Boston, 1870. (Latest edition, Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1900.)
Hoffman, Frederick L.: Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro. American Economics Association Publications, XI, Nos. 1-3, 1896.
Hodge, Frederick W. (editor): Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528-1543 (in Original Narratives of Early American History), esp. The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vaca. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1907.
Holland, Edwin C.: A Refutation of the Calumnies circulated against the Southern and Western States, respecting the institution and existence of slavery among them; to which is added a minute and particular account of the actual condition and state of their Negro Population, together with Historical Notices of all the Insurrections that have taken place since the settlement of the country. By a South Carolinian. Charleston, 1822.
Horsemanden, Daniel (Judge): A Journal of the Proceedings in the Detection of the Conspiracy Formed by Some White People, in conjunction with Negro and Other Slaves, for Burning the City of New York in America, and Murdering the Inhabitants. New York, 1744.
Hosmer, James K.: The History of the Louisiana Purchase. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1902.
Hurd, John C.: The Law of Freedom and Bondage. 2 vols. Boston, 1858-1862.
Jay, William: Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization and Anti-Slavery Societies. New York, 1835.
Jefferson, Thomas: Writings, issued under the auspices of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association. 20 vols. Washington, 1903.
Jervey, Theodore D.: Robert Y. Hayne and His Times. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1909.
Johnson, Allen: Union and Democracy. Vol. 2 of Riverside History of the United States. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, 1915.
Johnson, James W.: Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (published anonymously). Sherman, French & Co., Boston, 1912.
Fifty Years and Other Poems. The Cornhill Co., Boston, 1917.
Hayti. Four articles reprinted from the _Nation_, New York, 1920.
Johnston, Sir Harry Hamilton: The Negro in the New World. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1910.
Kelsey, Carl: The Negro Farmer (Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania). Jennings & Pye, Chicago, 1903.
Kemble, Frances A.: Journal of Residence on a Georgia Plantation, 1838-1839. Harper & Bros., 1863.
Kerlin, Robert T. (editor): The Voice of the Negro, 1919. E.P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1920.
Kimball, John C.: Connecticut’s Canterbury Tale; Its Heroine Prudence Crandall, and Its Moral for To-Day. Hartford, Conn. (1886).
Krehbiel, Henry E.: Afro-American Folk-Songs. G. Schirmer, New York and London, 1914.
Lauber, Almon Wheeler: Indian Slavery in Colonial Times within the Present Limits of the United States. Vol. 54, No. 3, of Columbia University Studies, 1913.
Livermore, George: An Historical Research Respecting the Opinions of the Founders of the Republic on Negroes as Slaves, as Citizens, and as Soldiers. Boston, 1863.
Locke, Mary Stoughton: Anti-Slavery in America from the Introduction of African Slaves to the Prohibition of the Slave-Trade, 1619-1808. Radcliffe College Monograph No. 11. Boston, 1901 (now handled by Harvard University Press).
Lonn, Ella: Reconstruction in Louisiana. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1919.
Lugard, Lady (Flora L. Shaw): A Tropical Dependency. James Nisbet & Co., Ltd., London, 1906.
Lynch, John R.: The Facts of Reconstruction: The Neale Publishing Co., New York, 1913.
McConnell, John Preston: Negroes and Their Treatment in Virginia from 1865 to 1867 (Ph.D. thesis, Virginia, 1905). Printed by B.D. Smith & Bros., Pulaski, Va., 1910.
MacCorkle, William A.: Some Southern Questions. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1908.
McCormac, E.I.: White Servitude in Maryland. Johns Hopkins Studies, XXII, 119.
McDougall, Marion Gleason: Fugitive Slaves, 1619-1865. Fay House (Radcliffe College) Monograph, No. 3. Boston, 1891 (now handled by Harvard University Press).
McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham: The Confederation and the Constitution, 1783-1789. Vol. 10 in American Nation Series.
McMaster, John Bach: A History of the People of the United States, from the Revolution to the Civil War. 8 vols. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1883-1913.
Macy, Jesse: The Anti-Slavery Crusade. Vol. 28 in Chronicles of America.
Marsh, J.B.T.: The Story of the Jubilee Singers, with their songs. Boston, 1880.
Miller, Kelly: Race Adjustment. The Neale Publishing Co., New York and Washington, 1908.
Out of the House of Bondage. The Neale Publishing Co., New York, 1914.
Appeal to Conscience (in Our National Problems Series). The Macmillan Co., New York, 1913.
Moore, G.H.: Historical Notes on the Employment of Negroes in the American Army of the Revolution. New York, 1862.
Morgan, Thomas J.: Reminiscences of Service with Colored Troops in the Army of the Cumberland, 1863-65. Providence, 1885.
Moton, Robert Russa: Finding a Way Out: An Autobiography. Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N.Y., 1920.
Murphy, Edgar Gardner: The Basis of Ascendency. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1909.
Murray, Freeman H.M.: Emancipation and the Freed in American Sculpture. Published by the author, 1733 Seventh St., N.W., Washington, 1916.
Odum, Howard W.: Social and Mental Traits of the Negro. Columbia University Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3. New York, 1910.
Olmsted, Frederick Law: The Cotton Kingdom. 2 vols. New York, 1861.
A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States. New York, 1856.
Page, Thomas Nelson: The Old South. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1892.
The Negro: the Southerner’s Problem. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1904.
Palmer, B.M. (with W.T. Leacock): The Rights of the South Defended in the Pulpits. Mobile, 1860.
Penniman, George W. See Hartshorn, W.N.
Phillips, Ulrich B.: American Negro Slavery. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1918.
Plantation and Frontier. Vols. I and II of Documentary History of American Industrial Society. Arthur H. Clark Co., Cleveland, 1910.
Pike, G.D.: The Jubilee Singers and Their Campaign for $20,000. Boston, 1873.
Pike, J.S.: The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government. New York, 1874.
Pipkin, James Jefferson: The Negro in Revelation, in History, and in Citizenship. N.D. Thompson Publishing Co., St. Louis, 1902.
Platt, O.H.: Negro Governors. Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society, Vol. 6. New Haven, 1900.
Reese, David M.: A Brief Review of the First Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society. New York, 1834.
Rhodes, James Ford: History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (1850-1877 and 1877-1896). 8 vols. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1893-1919.
Roman, Charles Victor: American Civilization and the Negro. F.A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, 1916.
Russell, John H.: The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865. Johns Hopkins Studies, Series XXXI, No. 3. Baltimore, 1913.
Sandburg, Carl: The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919. Harcourt, Brace & Howe, New York, 1919.
Schurz, Carl: Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers, selected and edited by Frederic Bancroft. 6 vols. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London, 1913.
Scott, Emmett J.: Negro Migration during the War (in Preliminary Economic Studies of the War–Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History). Oxford University Press, American Branch. New York, 1920.
Official History of the American Negro in the World War. Washington, 1919.
Seligman, Herbert J.: The Negro Faces America. Harper Bros., New York, 1920.
Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate: The Neighbor: the Natural History of Human Contacts. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, 1904.
Siebert, Wilbur H.: The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1898.
Sinclair, William A.: The Aftermath of Slavery. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston, 1905.
Smith, Justin H.: The War with Mexico. 2 vols. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1919.
Smith, Theodore Clarke: Parties and Slavery. Vol. 18 of American Nation Series.
Smith, T.W.: The Slave in Canada. Vol. 10 in Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Halifax, N.S., 1889.
Stephenson, Gilbert Thomas: Race Distinctions in American Law. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1910.
Steward, T.G.: The Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804. Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1914.
Stoddard, Lothrop: The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy, with an Introduction by Madison Grant. Charles Scribner’s Sons. New York, 1920.
Stone, Alfred H.: Studies in the American Race Problem. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1908.
Storey, Moorfield: The Negro Question. An Address delivered before the Wisconsin Bar Association. Boston, 1918. Problems of To-Day. Houghton, Mifflin Co., Boston, 1920.
Thompson, Holland: The New South. Vol. 42 in Chronicles of America.
Tillinghast, Joseph Alexander: The Negro in Africa and America. Publications of American Economics Association, Series 3 Vol 3, No. 2. New York, 1902.
Toombs, Robert: Speech on The Crisis, delivered before the Georgia Legislature, Dec. 7, 1860. Washington, 1860.
Tucker, St. George: A Dissertation on Slavery, with a Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of it in the State of Virginia. Philadelphia, 1796.
Turner, Frederick Jackson: The Rise of the New West. Vol. 14 in American Nation Series.
Turner, Edward Raymond: The Negro in Pennsylvania, 1639-1861 (Justin Winsor Prize of American Historical Association, 1910). Washington, 1911.
Washington, Booker T.: The Future of the American Negro. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston, 1899.
The Story of My Life and Work. Nichols & Co., Naperville, Ill., 1900.
Up from Slavery: An Autobiography. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1901.
Character Building. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1902.
Working with the Hands. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1904.
Putting the Most into Life. Crowell & Co., New York, 1906.
Frederick Douglass (in American Crisis Biographies). George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia, 1906.
The Negro in the South (with W.E.B. DuBois). George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia, 1907.
The Negro in Business. Hertel, Jenkins & Co., Chicago, 1907.
The Story of the Negro. 2 vols. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1909.
My Larger Education. Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N.Y., 1911.
The Man Farthest Down (with Robert Emory Park). Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N.Y., 1912.
Weale, B.L. Putnam: The Conflict of Color. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1910.
Weatherford, W.D.: Present Forces in Negro Progress. Association Press, New York, 1912.
Weld, Theodore Dwight: American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. Published by the American Anti-Slavery Society, New York, 1839.
Wiener, Leo: Africa and the Discovery of America, Vol. I. Innes & Sons, Philadelphia, 1920.
Williams, George Washington: History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880. 2 vols. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1883.
Wise, John S.: The End of an Era. Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1899. Woodson, Carter G.: The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1915.
A Century of Negro Migration. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, Washington, 1918.
Woolf, Leonard: Empire and Commerce in Africa: A Study in Economic Imperialism. London, 1920. The Macmillan Co., New York.
Wright, Richard R.: Negro Companions of the Spanish Explorers. (Reprinted from the _American Anthropologist_, Vol. 4, April-June, 1902.)
Wright, Richard R., Jr.: The Negro in Pennsylvania: A Study in Economic History. (Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania.) A.M.E. Book Concern, Philadelphia.
Wright, T.S. See Cornish, Samuel E.
Zabriskie, Luther K.: The Virgin Islands of the United States of America. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1918.
* * * * *
An Address to the People of the United States, adopted at a Conference of Colored Citizens, held at Columbia, S.C., July 20 and 21, 1876. Republican Printing Co., Columbia, S.C., 1876.
Paper (letter published in a Washington paper) submitted in connection with the Debate in the United States House of Representatives, July 15th and 18th, 1776, on the Massacre of Six Colored Citizens at Hamburg, S.C., July 4, 1876.
Proceedings of the National Conference of Colored Men of the United States, held in the State Capitol at Nashville, Tenn., May 6, 7, 8, and 9, 1879. Washington, D.C., 1879.
Story of the Riot. Persecution of Negroes by roughs and policemen in the City of New York, August, 1900. Statement and Proofs written and compiled by Frank Moss and issued by the Citizens’ Protective League. New York, 1900.
The Voice of the Carpet Bagger. Reconstruction Review No. 1, published by the Anti-Lynching Bureau. Chicago, 1901.
III. Special Lists
1. On Chapter II, Section 3; Chapter III, Section 5; Chapter VIII and Chapter XI, the general topic being the social progress of the Negro before 1860. Titles are mainly in the order of appearance of works.
Mather, Cotton: Rules for the Society of Negroes, 1693. Reprinted by George H. Moore, Lenox Library, New York, 1888.
The Negro Christianized. An Essay to excite and assist that good work, the instruction of Negro-servants in Christianity. Boston, 1706.
Allen, Richard. The Life, Experience and Gospel Labors of the Rt. Rev. Richard Allen, written by himself. Philadelphia, 1793.
Hall, Prince. A Charge delivered to the African Lodge, June 24, 1797, at Menotomy, by the Right Worshipful Prince Hall. (Boston) 1797.
To the Free Africans and Other Free People of Color in the United States. (Broadside) Philadelphia, 1797.
Walker, David: Appeal, in four articles, together with a Preamble to the Colored Citizens of the World. Boston, 1829.
Garrison, William Lloyd: An Address delivered before the Free People of Color in Philadelphia, New York, and other cities, during the month of June, 1831. Boston, 1831.
Thoughts on African Colonization (see list above).
Minutes and Proceedings of the First Annual Convention of the People of Color, held by adjournments in the City of Philadelphia, from the sixth to the eleventh of June, inclusive, 1831. Philadelphia, 1831.
College for Colored Youth. An Account of the New Haven City Meeting and Resolutions with Recommendations of the College, and Strictures upon the Doings of New Haven. New York, 1831.
On the Condition of the Free People of Color in the United States. New York, 1839. (_The Anti-Slavery Examiner_, No. 13.)
Condition of the People of Color in the State of Ohio, with interesting anecdotes. Boston, 1839.
Armistead, Wilson: Memoir of Paul Cuffe. London, 1840.
Wilson, Joseph: Sketches of the Higher Classes of Colored Society in Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1841.
National Convention of Colored Men and Their Friends. Troy, N.Y., 1847.
Garnet, Henry Highland: The Past and Present Condition and the Destiny of the Colored Race. Troy, 1848.
Delany, Martin R.: The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered. Philadelphia, 1852.
Cincinnati Convention of Colored Freedmen of Ohio. Proceedings, Jan. 14-19, 1852. Cincinnati, 1852.
Proceedings of the Colored National Convention, held in Rochester, July 6, 7, and 8, 1853. Rochester, 1853.
Cleveland National Emigration Convention of Colored People. Proceedings, Aug. 22-24, 1854. Pittsburg, 1854.
Nell, William C.: The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, with sketches of several Distinguished Colored Persons: to which is added a brief survey of the Condition and Prospects of Colored Americans, with an Introduction by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston, 1855.
Stevens, Charles E.: Anthony Burns, a History. Boston, 1856.
Catto, William T.: A Semi-Centenary Discourse, delivered in the First African Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, with a History of the church from its first organization, including a brief notice of Rev. John Gloucester, its first pastor. Philadelphia, 1857.
Bacon, Benjamin C.: Statistics of the Colored People of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1856. Second edition, with statistics of crime, Philadelphia, 1857.
Condition of the Free Colored People of the United States, by James Freeman Clarke, in _Christian Examiner_, March, 1859, 246-265. Reprinted as pamphlet by American Anti-Slavery Society, New York, 1859.
Brown, William Wells: Clotel, or The President’s Daughter (a narrative of slave life in the United States). London, 1853.
The Escape; or A Leap for Freedom, a Drama in five acts. Boston, 1858.
The Black Man, His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements. New York, 1863.
The Rising Son; or The Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race. Boston, 1874.
To Thomas J. Gantt, Esq. (Broadside), Charleston, 1861.
Douglass, William: Annals of St. Thomas’s First African Church. Philadelphia, 1862.
Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men, held in the city of Syracuse, N.Y., October 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1864, with the Bill of Wrongs and Rights and the Address to the American People. Boston, 1864.
The Budget, containing the Annual Reports of the General Officers of the African M.E. Church of the United States of America, edited by Benjamin W. Arnett. Xenia, O., 1881. Same for later years.
Simms, James M.: The First Colored Baptist Church in North America. Printed by J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1888.
Upton, William H.: Negro Masonry, being a Critical Examination of objections to the legitimacy of the Masonry existing among the Negroes of America. Cambridge, 1899; second edition, 1902.
Brooks, Charles H.: The Official History and Manual of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. Philadelphia, 1902.
Cromwell, John W.: The Early Convention Movement. Occasional Paper No. 9 of American Negro Academy, Washington, D.C., 1904.
Brooks, Walter H.: The Silver Bluff Church, Washington, 1910.
Crawford, George W.: Prince Hall and His Followers. New Haven, 1915.
Wright, Richard R., Jr. (Editor-in-Chief): Centennial Encyclopaedia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. A.M.E. Book Concern, Philadelphia, 1916.
Also note narratives or autobiographies of Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, Samuel Ringgold Ward, Solomon Northrup, Lunsford Lane, etc.; the poems of Phillis Wheatley (first edition, London, 1773), and George M. Horton; Williams’s History for study of some more prominent characters; Woodson’s bibliography for the special subject of education; and periodical literature, especially the articles remarked in Chapter XI in connection with the free people of color in Louisiana.
2. On Chapter V (Indian and Negro)
A standard work on the Second Seminole War is The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War, by John T. Sprague, D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1848; but also important as touching upon the topics of the chapter are The Exiles of Florida, by Joshua R. Giddings, Columbus, Ohio, 1858, and a speech by Giddings in the House of Representatives February 9, 1841. Note also House Document No. 128 of the 1st session of the 20th Congress, and Document 327 of the 2nd session of the 25th Congress. The Aboriginal Races of North America, by Samuel G. Drake, fifteenth edition, New York, 1880, is interesting and suggestive though formless; and McMaster in different chapters gives careful brief accounts of the general course of the Indian wars.
3. On Chapter VII (Insurrections)
(For insurrections before that of Denmark Vesey note especially Coffin, Holland, and Horsemanden above. On Gabriel’s Insurrection see article by Higginson (_Atlantic_, X. 337), afterwards included in Travellers and Outlaws.)
Denmark Vesey
1. An Official Report of the Trials of Sundry Negroes, charged with an attempt to raise an Insurrection in the State of South Carolina. By Lionel H. Kennedy and Thomas Parker (members of the Charleston Bar and the Presiding Magistrates of the Court). Charleston, 1822.
2. An Account of the Late Intended Insurrection among a Portion of the Black of this City. Published by the Authority of the Corporation of Charleston. Charleston, 1822 (reprinted Boston, 1822, and again in Boston and Charleston).
The above accounts, now exceedingly rare, are the real sources of all later study of Vesey’s insurrection. The two accounts are sometimes identical; thus the list of those executed or banished is the same. The first has a good introduction. The second was written by James Hamilton, Intendant of Charleston.
3. Letter of Governor William Bennett, dated August 10, 1822. (This was evidently a circular letter to the press. References are to Lundy’s _Genius of Universal Emancipation_, II, 42, Ninth month, 1822, and there are reviews in the following issues, pages 81, 131, and 142. Higginson notes letter as also in _Columbian Sentinel_, August 31, 1822; _Connecticut Courant_, September 3, 1822; and _Worcester Spy_, September 18, 1822.)
Three secondary accounts in later years are important:
1. Article on Denmark Vesey by Higginson (_Atlantic_, VII. 728) included in Travellers and Outlaws: Episodes in American History. Lee and Shepard, Boston, 1889.
2. Right on the Scaffold, or the Martyrs of 1822, by Archibald H. Grimke. No. 7 of the Papers of the American Negro Academy, Washington.
3. Book I, Chapter XII, “Denmark Vesey’s Insurrection,” in Robert Y. Hayne and His Times, by Theodore D. Jervey, The Macmillan Co., New York, 1909.
Various pamphlets were written immediately after the insurrection not so much to give detailed accounts as to discuss the general problem of the Negro and the reaction of the white citizens of Charleston to the event. Of these we may note the following:
1. Holland, Edwin C.: A Refutation of the Calumnies Circulated against the Southern and Western States. (See main list above.)
2. Achates (General Thomas Pinckney): Reflections Occasioned by the Late Disturbances in Charleston. Charleston, 1822.
3. Rev. Dr. Richard Furman’s Exposition of the Views of the Baptists Relative to the Colored Population in the United States. (See main list above.)
4. Practical Considerations Founded on the Scriptures Relative to the Slave Population of South Carolina. By a South Carolinian. Charleston, 1823.
Nat Turner
1. The Confessions of Nat Turner, Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Va., as fully and voluntarily made to Thos. C. Gray, in the prison where he was confined–and acknowledged by him to be such, when read before the court at Southampton, convened at Jerusalem November 5, 1831, for his trial. (This is the main source. Thousands of copies of the pamphlet are said to have been circulated, but it is now exceedingly rare. Neither the Congressional Library nor the Boston Public has a copy, and Cromwell notes that there is not even one in the State Library in Richmond. The copy used by the author is in the library of Harvard University.)
2. Horrid Massacre. Authentic and Impartial Narrative of the Tragical Scene which was witnessed in Southampton County (Virginia) on Monday the 22nd of August last. New York, 1831. (This gives a table of victims and has the advantage of nearness to the event. This very nearness, however, has given credence to much hearsay and accounted for several instances of inaccuracy.)
To the above may be added the periodicals of the day, such as the Richmond _Enquirer_ and the _Liberator_; note _Genius of Universal Emancipation_, September, 1831. Secondary accounts or studies would include the following:
1. Nat Turner’s Insurrection, exhaustive article by Higginson (_Atlantic_, VIII. 173) later included in Travellers and Outlaws.
2. Drewry, William Sidney: Slave Insurrections in Virginia (1830-1865). A Dissertation presented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The Neale Company, Washington, 1900. (Unfortunately marred by a partisan tone.)
3. The Aftermath of Nat Turner’s Insurrection, by John W. Cromwell, in _Journal of Negro History_, April, 1920.
_Amistad and Creole_ Cases
1. Argument of John Quincy Adams before the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of the United States, Apellants, vs. Cinque, and others, Africans, captured in the Schooner _Amistad_, by Lieut. Gedney, delivered on the 24th of February and 1st of March, 1841. New York, 1841.
2. Africans Taken in the _Amistad_. Document No. 185 of the 1st session of the 26th Congress, containing the correspondence in relation to the captured Africans. (Reprinted by Anti-Slavery Depository, New York, 1840.)
3. Senate Document 51 of the 2nd session of the 27th Congress.
4. On Chapter IX (Liberia)
Much has been written about Liberia, but the books and pamphlets have been very uneven in quality. Original sources include the reports of the American Colonization Society to 1825; _The African Repository_, a compendium issued sometimes monthly, sometimes quarterly, by the American Colonization Society from 1825 to 1892, and succeeded by the periodical known as _Liberia_; the reports of the different state organizations; J. Ashmun’s History of the American Colony in Liberia from December, 1821 to 1823, compiled from the authentic records of the colony, Washington, 1826; Ralph Randolph Gurley’s Life of Jehudi Ashmun, Washington, 1835, second edition, New York, 1839; Gurley’s report on Liberia (a United States state paper), Washington, 1850; and the Memorial of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the American Colonization Society, celebrated at Washington, January 15, 1867, with documents concerning Liberia, Washington, 1867; to all of which might be added Journal of Daniel Coker, a descendant of Africa, from the time of leaving New York, in the ship _Elisabeth_, Capt. Sebor, on a voyage for Sherbro, in Africa, Baltimore, 1820. J.H.B. Latrobe, a president of the American Colonization Society, is prominent in the Memorial volume of 1867, and after this date are credited to him Liberia: its Origin, Rise, Progress, and Results, an address delivered before the American Colonization Society, January 20, 1880, Washington, 1880, and Maryland in Liberia, Baltimore, 1885. An early and interesting compilation is G.S. Stockwell’s The Republic of Liberia: Its Geography, Climate, Soil, and Productions, with a history of its early settlement, New York, 1868; a good handbook is Frederick Starr’s Liberia, Chicago, 1913; mention might also be made of T. McCants Stewart’s Liberia, New York, 1886; and George W. Ellis’s Negro Culture in West Africa, Neale Publishing Co., New York, 1914, is outstanding in its special field. Two Johns Hopkins theses have been written: John H.T. McPherson’s History of Liberia (Studies, IX, No. 10), 1891, and E.L. Fox’s The American Colonization Society 1817-1840 (Studies, XXXVII, 9-226), 1919; the first of these is brief and clearcut and especially valuable for its study of the Maryland colony. Magazine articles of unusual importance are George W. Ellis’s Dynamic Factors in the Liberian Situation and Emmett J. Scott’s Is Liberia Worth Saving? both in _Journal of Race Development_, January, 1911. Of English or continental works outstanding is the monumental but not altogether unimpeachable Liberia, by Sir Harry H. Johnston, with an appendix on the Flora of Liberia by Dr. Otto Stapf, 2 vols., Hutchinson & Co., London, 1906; while with a strong English bias and incomplete and unsatisfactory as a general treatise is R.C.F. Maughan’s The Republic of Liberia, London (1920?), Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. Mention must also be made of the following publications by residents of Liberia: The Negro Republic on West Africa, by Abayomi Wilfrid Karnga, Monrovia, 1909; New National Fourth Reader, edited by Julius C. Stevens, Monrovia, 1903; Liberia and Her Educational Problems, by Walter F. Walker, an address delivered before the Chicago Historical Society, October 23, 1916; and Catalogue of Liberia College for 1916, and Historical Register, printed at the Riverdale Press, Brookline, Mass., 1919; while Edward Wilmot Blyden’s Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race is representative of the best of the more philosophical dissertations.
Abbeville, S.C.
Aberdeen, Lord
Abolition, Abolitionists
Abraham, Negro interpreter
Abyssinia
Adams, Doc
Adams, Henry
Adams, John
Adams, John Quincy
Africa
African Methodist Episcopal Church, and schools African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and schools _Age, The New York_
Aguinaldo
Akron, Ohio
Alabama
Aldridge, Ira
Allen, Richard
Alton, Ill.
Ambrister, Robert
Amendments to Constitution of United States American Anti-Slavery Society
American Baptist Home Mission Society American Baptist Publication Society
American Bar Association
American Colonization Society
American Convention of Abolition Societies American Federation of Labor
American Giants
American Missionary Association
Amistad Case
Anderson, Benjamin
Andrew, John O.
Andrew, William
Anthony, Susan B.
Anti-Slavery societies
_Appeal_, David Walker’s
Arbuthnot, Alexander
Arkansas
Arkwright, Richard
Armstrong, Samuel C.
Asbury, Bishop
Ashley, Lord
Ashmun, Jehudi
Assiento Contract
Atlanta, Ga.
Atlanta Compromise
Atlanta Massacre
Atlanta University
Attaway, A.T.
Attucks, Crispus
Augusta, Ga.
Ayres, Eli
Bacon, Ephraim
Bacon, John F.
Bacon, Samuel
Baker, F.B.
Balboa
Baltimore
Banbaras
Bankson, John
Banneker, Benjamin
Baptists, churches and schools
Baptist Young People s Union
Barbadoes
Barbour, Capt.
Barbour, Dan
Barclay, Arthur
Barlow, Joel
Bassa Trading Association
Bassa tribe
Bassett, Ebenezer
Batson, Flora
Baxter, Richard
Beecher, Henry Ward
Behn, Aphra
Belleau Wood
Benedict College
Benefit societies
Benezet, Anthony
Bennett, Batteau
Bennett, Gov., of South Carolina
Bennett, Ned
Bennett, Rolla
Benson, Stephen Allen
Berea College
Bethel Church, A.M.E., of Philadelphia Birmingham, Ala.
Birney, James G.
“Birth of a Nation”
Bishop College
Black Codes
Black Star Line
Blacksmith, Ben
Blackwood, Jesse
Blair, Henry
Blanco, Pedro
Bleckley, L.E.
Blunt, John
Blyden, Edward Wilmot
Boatswain, African chief
Bogalusa, La.
Boston, Mass.
Boston Massacre
Boston, Samuel
Bouey, H.N.
Bourne, E.G.
Bowers, John
Bowler, Jack
Boyd, Henry
Brooks, Preston S.
Brooks County, Ga.
Brough, Charles H.
Brown, Bishop, of Arkansas
Brown, John
Brown, William
Brown, William Wells
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett
Brownsville, Texas
Bruce, Blanche K.
Bryan, Andrew
Bryce, James
Buchanan, Thomas H.
Bull, Gov., of South Carolina
Bullock, M.W.
Burgess, Ebenezer
Burleigh, Harry T.
Burning of Negroes
Burns, Anthony
Burnside, Gen.
Burton, Belfast
Burton, Mary
Business, Negro
Butler, B.F., District Attorney in New York Butler, B.F., Gen.
Butler, M.C.
Butler, Sol
Buttrick, Wallace
Buzi tribe
Byron, Lord
Cable, George W.
Cadell, Major
Caesar, in New York
Calderon, Spanish minister
Caldwell, Elias B.
Calhoun, John C.
Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore
Camp Dodge
Camp Grant
Camphor, A.P.
Canaan, N.H., school at
Canada
Canning, George
Cape Palmas
Cardozo, F.L.
Carmantee tribe
Carney, William H.
Carranza, Andres Dorantes de
Carrizal
Cartledge, Lewis
Cary, Lott
Cass, Lewis
Cassell, Nathaniel H.B.
Catholics
Cato, insurrectionist
Cato, Will
Chain-gang
_Challenge Magazine_
Chamberlain, Gov., of South Carolina Champion, James
Channing, William Ellery
Charles V
Charles, Robert
Charleston, S.C.
Chateau Thierry
Chavis, John
Cheeseman, Joseph James
Cherokees
Chesnutt, Charles W.
Chester, Penn.
Chicago riot
Chickasaws
Child, Lydia Maria
China
Choctaws,
Christianity
_Christian Recorder_
Chuma
Cincinnati
Cinque, Joseph
Civil Rights
Civil War
Claflin University
_Clansman, The_
Clark, Andrew
Clark, Major
Clark University
Clarkson, Matthew
Clarkson, Quamoney
Clarkson, Thomas
Clay, Henry
Cleveland, Grover
Cleveland, Ohio
Clinch, Duncan L.
Clinton, Sir Henry
Coatesville, Penn.
Cockburn, Sir Francis
Coker, Daniel
Cole and Johnson Company
Cole, James
Coleman, William D.
Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel
College graduates
College of West Africa
Colonization
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, and schools Compromise of 1850
Congregationalists
Connecticut
Constitution of the United States
Continental Congress
Conventions
Convict Lease system. _See_ Peonage. Cook, James
Cook, O.F.
Coot, insurrectionist
Cope, Thomas P.
Cordovell, of New Orleans
Corey, C.H.
“Corkscrew” lynching
Cornish, Samuel E.
Cotton-gin
Cowagee, John
Cowley, Robert
Cowper, William
Cox, Minnie
Coybet, Gen.
Cranchell, Caesar
Crandall, Prudence
Cravath, E.M.
Crawford, Anthony
Crawford, William
Creeks
Creole Case
Criminal, Negro
_Crisis, The_
Crompton, Samuel
Cross Keys, Va.
Crozer, Samuel A.
Crucifixion
Crum, William D.
Crummell, Alexander
Cuba
Cuffe, Paul
Cuffe, Peter
Cuffee, in New York
Curry, J.L.M.
Curtis, Justice
Cutler, Manasseh
Dade, Major
Darien, Ga.
_Darkwater_
Davis, Benjamin O.
Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence (Liberian) _Defender, The_
De Grasse, John V.
Delany, Martin R.
Delaware
Democrats
Denmark
Dennison, Franklin A.
Derham, James
Dew, T.R.
Deys, in Africa
Dickens, Charles
Dillard, James H.
Disfranchisement
Dismond, Binga
District of Columbia
Dixie Kid
Dixon, George
Dixon, Thomas
Dorsey, Hugh M.
Dossen, J.J.
Douglas, Stephen A.
Douglass, Frederick
Douglass, Robert
Dow, Lorenzo
Dowdy, Jim
Draft Riot in New York
Drake, Francis
Drayton, Congressman from South Carolina Dred Scott Decision
Drew, Howard P.
“Dreyfus,” poem by Edwin Markham
DuBois, W.E. Burghardt
Dugro, Justice P.H.
Dunbar, Charles B.
Dunbar, Paul L.
Dunbar Theater, in Philadelphia
Duncan, Otis B.
Duncan, William
Dunmore, Lord
Dunning, W.A.
Durham, Clayton
Duties on importation of slaves
Duval, William P.
Dwight, Gen.
Dyersburg, Tenn.
Early County, Ga.
East St. Louis
Eaton, John, Comm. of Education
Eaton, John H., Secretary of War
Econchattimico
Education
Egypt
Elaine, Ark.
El Caney
Eliot, John
Elizabeth, Queen
Elliott, Robert B.
Emancipation
Emathla, Charley
Emathlochee
Emerson, Dr.
_Empire and Commerce in Africa_
England (or Great Britain)
Episcopalians
Erie Railroad
Estevanico
Estill Springs, Tenn.
Etheridge, at Phoenix, S.C.
Ethiopians
Evans, Lewis
Everett, Alexander H.
Everett, Edward
Exodus, Negro. _See also_ Migration.
Faber, F.W.
Factories, slave
Falkner, Roland P.
Federalists
Ferguson, Frank
Ferguson, Samuel D.
Fernandina, Fla.
Finley, I.F.C.
Finley, Robert
First African Baptist Church, in Savannah First Bryan Baptist Church, in Savannah
Fish War
Fisk Jubilee Singers
Fisk University
Fleet, Dr.
Fleming, W.L.
Florida
F.M.C.’s
Foraker, J.B.
Forrester, Lot
Forsyth, John
Fort Brooke
Fort Gibson, Ark.
Fort Jackson, treaty of
Fort King
Fort Mims
Fort Moultrie (near St. Augustine), treaty of Fort Moultrie (near Charleston)
Fort Pillow
Fort Sam Houston
Fort Wagner
Forten, James
Fortress Monroe
Foster, Theodore
Fowltown
France
Francis, Sam
Francis, Will
Franklin, Benjamin
Free African Society
Freedmen’s Aid Society
Freedmen’s Bank
Freedmen’s Bureau
_Freedom’s Journal_
Freeman, Cato
Free Negroes
Free-Soil Party
Fremont, John C.
Friends, Society of. _See_ Quakers. Frissell, Hollis B.
Fugitive Slave Laws
Fuller, Meta Warrick
Furman, Richard
Gabriel, insurrectionist
Gadsden, James
Gage, Frances D.
Gailliard, Nicholas
Gaines, Gen.
Galilean Fishermen
Galveston
Gans, Joe
Gardiner, Anthony W.
Garlington, E.A.
Garnett, H.H.
Garrison, William Lloyd
Garvey, Marcus
Gatumba, Chief
Geaween, John
Gell, Monday
General Education Board
Georgia
_Georgia Baptist_
Georgia Railroad labor trouble
Georgia, University of
Germans, Germany
Germantown protest
Gibbes, Gov., of South Carolina
Gibson, Garretson W.
Giddings, Joshua R.
Gildersleeve, Basil L.
Giles, Harriet E.
Giles, Jackson W.
Gilmer, Congressman, of Georgia
Gleaves, R.H.
Gloucester, John
Gola tribe
Gold Coast
Gonzales
Goodspeed, Dr., of Benedict College Gorden, Robert
Gordon, Midshipman
Gourdin, E.
Gradual Emancipation
Grady, Henry W.
Graeff, Abraham Op den
Graeff, Dirck Op den
Grand Bassa
“Grandfather Clause,”
Grant, U.S.
Graves, Samuel
Gray, Thomas C.
Gray, William
Great War
Grebo tribe
Greeley, Horace
Greene, Col.
Greenfield, Elizabeth Taylor
Greenleaf, Prof.
Greenville, in Liberia
Grice, Hezekiah
Groves, Junius C.
Grundy, Felix
_Guardian, The_
Guerra, Christobal de la
Guerra, Luis de la
Guinea Coast
Gullah Jack
Gurley, R.R.
Hadjo, Micco
Hajo, Tuski
Hall, James
Hall, Prince
Hallowell, Edward N.
Hallowell, N.P.
Hamburg Massacre
Hampton Institute
Hampton, Wade
Harden, Henry
Hargreaves, James
Harper, in Liberia
Harper, F.E.W.
Harper’s Ferry
Harris, Arthur
Harris, John M.
Harris, William T.
Harrison, Benjamin
Harrison, William Henry
Harrison St. Baptist Church, of Petersburg, Va. Harry, Negro in Seminole Wars
Hart, A.B.
Hartford, Conn.
Harth, Mingo
Hartshorn Memorial College
Harvard University
Haussas
Havana
Havelock, A.E.
Hawkins, John
Hawkins, William
Hayes, R.B.
Haygood, Atticus G.
Hayne, Robert Y.
Haynes, George E.
Haynes, Lemuel
Hayti
Heber, Reginald
Helper, Hinton Rowan
Hendericks, Garret
Henry, Prince, of Portugal
Henry, Patrick
Hewell, John R.
Hicks, John
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth
Hill, Arnold
Hill, Stephen
Hoar, Samuel
Hodge, F.W.
Hoffman, Frederick L.
Hogg, Robert, and Mrs. Hogg
Holbert, Luther
Holland
Holland, Edwin C.
Holly, James Theodore
Homer
Hopkins, Samuel
Horsemanden, Judge
Horseshoe Bend
Horton, George M.
Hose, Sam
Houston, Texas
Howard, Daniel Edward
Howard, O.O.
Howard University
Howells, William Dean
Howze, Alma
Howze, Maggie
Hughes, Charles E.
Hughson, John
Hughson, Sarah
Hugo, Victor
Humphreys, Gad
Hunter, David
Illinois
_Impending Crisis, The_
Indenture. _See_ Servitude.
Indiana
Indians
Indian Spring, treaty of
_Informer_, The Houston
Insurrections
Intermarriage, Racial intermixture
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson College
Jackson, Edward
Jackson, Francis
Jackson, James
Jackson, Peter
Jacksonville, Fla.
Jamaica
James, David
James, Duke of York
Jamestown
Japan
Jasper, John
Jay, John
Jay, William
Jeanes, Anna T.
Jeanes Fund
Jefferson, Thomas
Jennings, Thomas L.
Jessup, Thomas S.
“Jim Crow,” origin of
Jocelyn, S.S.
John, in Fugitive Slave case
Johnson, Andrew
Johnson, Elijah
Johnson, Henry
Johnson, H.R.W.
Johnson, Jack
Johnson, James
Johnson, Joseph
Johnston brothers, of Arkansas
Johnston, E.L.
Johnston, Sir Harry H.
Jones, Abraham
Jones, Eugene K.
Jones, George
Jones, Sam
Jones, Sissieretta
Julius, John
Kali, in Amistad case
Kansas
Kansas City, dynamiting of homes in Kansas-Nebraska Bill
Kean, Edmund
Kentucky
Kerry, Margaret
King, C.D.B.
King, Mulatto
King, Rufus
Kizell, John
Knights of Pythias
Knights of the Golden Circle
Knoxville College
Knoxville riot
Kpwessi tribe
Kru tribe
KuKlux Klan
Labor
Lafar, John J.
Laing, Major
Lake City, S.C.
Lane College
Lane Seminary
Langston, John Mercer
Las Quasimas
Laurens, Henry
Laurens, John
Law, John
Lawless, Judge
Le Clerc, Gen.
Lee, Robert E.
Lee County, Ga.
Leicester, Earl of
Leland Giants
Lewis, William H.
_Liberator, The_
Liberia
Liberia College
Liberian Exodus and Joint Stock Company Liberty Party
Liele, George
Lincoln, Abraham
Lincoln Giants
Lincoln University
Livingstone College
Livingstone, David
Lockwood, L.C.
London Company
Louisiana
Louis Napoleon
Lovejoy, Elijah P.
Lowell, James R.
Lugard, Lady
Lundy, Benjamin
Lutherans
Lynching
Macaulay, T.B.
Macon, Ga.
Madagascar
Madison, James
Mahan, Asa
Maine
Malays
Maldonado, Alonzo del Castillo
Mandingoes
Manly, Alex. L.
Mano tribe
Mansfield, Lord
Marcos, Fray
Markham, Edwin
Marriage
_Marrow of Tradition, The_
Marshall, J.F.B.
Marshall, J.R.
Marshall, of Univ. of Minnesota
Martin, Luther
Maryland
Mason, George
Masons, Negro
Massachusetts
Mather, Cotton
Matthews, W.C.
May, Samuel J.
Mazzini, G.
McCorkle, William A.
McIlheron, Jim
McIntosh, burned
McKay, Claude
McKelway, A.J.
Medicine, Negro in
Memphis, Tenn.
Mercer, Charles F.
_Messenger, The_
Methodists, churches and schools. _See also_ African Methodist. Mexican War
Metz
Micanopy
Mickasukie tribe
Migration. _See also_ Exodus.
Milan, Ga.
Milliken’s Bend
Mills, Samuel J.
Minstrelsy
Miscegenation. _See_ Intermarriage, Racial intermixture. Mississippi
Mississippi Company
Missouri
Missouri Compromise
Mobile
Mohammedans
Monroe, James
Monrovia
Montes, Pedro
Montgomery, Ala.
Montgomery, James
Monticello, Ga.
Montserado, Cape
Moore, Joanna P.
Moorhead, Scipio
Moors
Morehouse College
Morell, Junius C.
Morgan, Thomas J.
Morris Brown University
Morris, Edward H.
Morris, Gouverneur
Morris, Robert, Jr.
Mortality
Mott, Lucretia
Mulattoes
Mumford, John P.
“Mungo,” in The Padlock
Murphy, Edgar G.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Narvaez, Pamfilo de
Nashville, Tenn.
Nassau
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People National Urban League
Navigation Ordinance
Nea Mathla
Neau, Elias
_Negro_, the word
Negro Union
_Negro World, The_
Nell, William C.
New Bedford, Mass.
New England Anti-Slavery Society
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Orleans
New Mexico
New York (city)
New York (state)
_News and Courier_, of Charleston, S.C. Niagara Movement
Niles, Hezekiah
Nino, Pedro Alonso
Norfolk, Va.
North Carolina
Northrup, Solomon
_North Star_
Northwest Territory
Nott, Josiah C.
Nott, Dr., of Union College
Nullification
Nunn, Joseph
Oberlin College
Odd Fellows
Ogden, Peter
Ogden, Robert C.
Oglethorpe, James
Ohio
Oklahoma
Omaha
Orange Park Academy